History of Ozone

However, the first time ozone was mentioned by name, it dates back to May 1840, in an essay of the German chemist  Christian Friedrich Schönbein (1799-1868), consequently, this discovery was presented to the University of München.

Similarly, Schönbein had noticed the same characteristic scent during his experiments, which Van Marum had measured and tried to identify before. He called this “ozone” gas, due to the Greek word for perfume – which is “Ozein”.

Therefore, the discovery of ozone is usually attributed to Schönbein. Schönbein is still known as the first person to research the mechanisms of ozone and, organic matter reaction. Read “The History of Ozone – The Schönbein Period, 1839-1868”.

After 1840, many studies on the mechanism of disinfection of ozone were elaborated. But it was not until almost twenty years later that the new substance was revealed to be a triatomic allotrope of oxygen: in 1856 Thomas Andrews showed that ozone was formed only by oxygen, and in 1863 Soret established the relationship between oxygen and ozone by finding that three volumes of oxygen produce two volumes of ozone. The first ozone generator was manufactured in Berlin, by the German inventor Ernst Werner von Siemens (1816 – 1892), that also wrote a book on the application of ozone in water, which gave rise to a series of pilot projects, during which the ozone disinfection mechanism was researched.

In 1857 Werner von Siemens built the first superior induction tube with which Kleinmann made the first attempt to destroy microorganisms and also performed the first gas insufflations in animals and humans.

Jacques-Louis Soret (1827-1890) described the structure of ozone as a three-atom modification of oxygen. In 1865 he proved that the formula of ozone was O₃ by indirect measurements of its density. In the structure of ozone, the bond length of 127.8 pm is intermediate between a single bond (bond length 148 pm) and a double bond (bond length 110 pm).

In 1870, the German physician Lender published the first study about the practical biological effects related to ozone in the disinfection of water and its antimicrobial properties, which revolutionized medicine during this period, more than half a century before the appearance of penicillin.

In 1873,  Cornelius Benjamin Fox (1839-1922) discovered the ability of ozone for eliminating microorganisms.

For him, there is perhaps no subject more attractive than that of Ozone. (Cornelius Benjamin Fox, “Ozone and Antozone” -1873).

In 1879 Dr. John H. Kellogg (1852-1943) mentions evidence of ozone being used as a disinfectant on his book “DIPHTHERIA: Its Causes, Prevention and Proper Treatment”.

This discovery crossed the ocean to North America and in 1885, the Florida Medical Association published the first textbook on medical applications of ozone, written in 1885 by Dr. Charles J. Kenworth, “Ozone”, explaining in detail the use of ozone for therapeutic purposes.

In 1886, Baron Auguste de Méritens (1834-1898), a French electrical engineer, realizes ozone’s ability to disinfect polluted water which was later recognized in Europe.

The first technical-scale application of ozone took place in Oudshoorn, Netherlands, in 1893, and this ozone installation was thoroughly studied by the French scientist. The first facility for the disinfection and purification of water for human consumption and waste was created.

The French chemist Marius-Paul Otto (1870 – 1939) was received in 1897 as doctor of sciences at the French University  of Sorbonne for his thesis entitled Research on ozone. It was in 1907, in Nice, that Marius-Paul Otto created the “Compagnie Générale de l’Ozone”, now “Company of Water and Ozone”, the first company using ozone for the sterilization of water. Since than, ozone was applied in Nice continuously, causing Nice to be called the ‘place of birth of ozone for drinking water treatment‘.

Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), was issued a patent for a corona discharge ozone generator using charged metal plates to act on ambient air, and in 1900 founded Nikola Tesla “Tesla Ozone Co.”, manufacturer of generators for medical use.

In 1898, Dr. Thauerkauf and Luth starts the Institute for Oxygen Therapy in Berlin. They test ozone on animals and produce Homozon by bonding ozone to magnesium.

A German doctor called Dr. Benedict Lust (1872-1945), the originator and founder of Naturopathy, starts practicing in New York, and wrote many articles and books on ozone.

In 1902, Dr. J. H. Clarke (1853-1931), a homeopathic doctor and writer in London, made a description of the success of using ozonated water in anaemia, cancer, diabetes, influenza, morphine poisoning, canker sores, strychnine poisoning and whooping cough treatments in “A Dictionary of Practical Materia Medica”.

In the same year, Siemens and Halske  established the first full scale water treatment plant with ozone in German and Dr. Charles Linder of Spokane, in Washington, was written up in an article, in a local paper, which stated that he had injected ozone as a part of his standard medical practice.

“The Medical Uses of Hydrozone (ozonated water) and Glyzozone (ozonated olive oil)” by Charles Marchand, a New York chemist, in its 19th edition get the US Sergeon General’s stamp of approval on it, this book is in the Library of Congress.

In 1906, the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) was formed and every therapy in existence before this time is grandfathered under US law — permitted because of its pre-existence.

In Nice, France, during 1906, the first ozone water treatment plant was installed which continued to utilize ozone for many years to come, giving rise to the title ‘place of birth of ozone for drinking water treatment’.

Dr. Noble Eberhart (1870-1939), the head of the Department of Physiologic Therapeutics at Loyola University, publishes “A Working Manual of High Frequency Currents”. Dr. Eberhart, in Chapter 9, describe in detail the use of ozone to treat tuberculosis, anaemia, chlorosis, tinnitus, whooping cough, asthma, bronchitis, hay fever, insomnia, pneumonia, diabetes, gout and syphilis.

Dr. Noble Eberhart was a pioneer in the use of X-ray, author on several medical subjects and created the first university teaching center dedicated among other things to ozone therapy.

In1912, Dr. H.C. Bennett published Electro-Therapeutic Guide and described the use of Ozol, ozone breathed after running through eucalyptus, pine or thyme oils.

In the years prior to World War I, there was an increase in the use of ozone installations in various countries.

During the first world war (1914-18) doctors familiar with O₃‘s antibacterial properties, and with few other medical resources available to them applied it topically to infected wounds and discovered O₃ not only remedied infection, but also had hemodynamic and anti-inflammatory properties.

The first application of gaseous ozone was performed during World War I for treating German soldiers affected by gaseous gangrene due to Clostridium anaerobic infections very sensitive to ozone.

Around 1916, 49 ozone installations were in use throughout Europe, 26 of which were located in France. However, this increase faltered soon afterward as a consequence to the research of toxic gases, which evidently lead to the development of chlorine, that appeared to be a suitable alternative to ozone, as it did not have the shortcomings in management, such as low applicative guarantee and low yield of ozone generation. Ozone production did not reach its prior level until after World War II.

Alexander Vosmaer (1866-1944) reported observations by treatment engineers of color removal and iron and manganese oxidation following ozonation.

In 1933, in Gane, researchs was performed on the effect of ozone on banana ripening.

Between 1934-1938 Aubourg and Lacoste,  French physicians, use ozone insufflation.

In 1933, the American Medical Association, headed up by M. Fishbein, set out to eliminate all medical treatments that were competitive to drug therapy.

This was the beginning of the suppression of ozone therapy in the US that continues to this day, except in fourteen US states, where doctors are protected by state laws.

In 1935, E. A. Fisch (1899– 1966), a Swiss dentist, had the idea to use ozone in his practice and, he treated Dr. Erwin Payr (1871–1946) a surgeon who had a painful gangrenous pulpit. Dr. E. Payr was so enthusiastic of the ozone effect that he start to use it in his surgical practice with great advantage.

In 1936, Dr. P. Aubourg, a French physician, was the first to propose the insufflations of gaseous Oxygen/Ozone in the rectum to treat chronic colitis, anal fistulae, by using a metal cannula.

This approach is very empirical and unprecise and today it is mostly used by Cuban physicians.

Dr. P. Aubourg was the first to publish a paper in 1936 on infusion of ozone rectally in the treatment of chronic colitis and fistulae.

In 1940, the number of ozone installations that were in use worldwide had only grown to 119. In 1977 this number, had increased to 1043 ozone installations. More than half of the installations were located in France.

In the 1940’s autohemotherapy (administration of a small quantity of the patient’s ozonated blood) began.

Dr. Hans Wolff wrote the book Medical Ozone, in Germany, in 1940.

During the Second World war, Dr. Robert Mayer treated the FBI prisoners of war in the Ellis Island. Dr. R. Mayer, pediatrician, subsequently learned of medical ozone from one of the German prisoners and has since been applying ozone to patients in the United States for over 45 years  and has safely and effectively given ozone therapy to over 12 thousand people, most of them children.

Dr. Turska writes the article “Oxidation”, in 1951, he pioneers the injection of ozone into the portal vein, thereby reaching the liver.

In 1953, Dr. Hans Wolff, a German doctor, uses ozone in his practice, wrote the book “Medical Ozone” and trained many doctors in ozone therapy.

An ozone generator, patented by Dr. J. Hansler in 1957, was the basis of the German expansion of ozone therapy for many years. In Germany, ozone is also used for the oxidation of iron and manganese in drinking water.

In 1973, the IOA (International Ozone Association) was formed to provide the ozone industry with a central data base of ideas, technical documents, and communication and in 1976 the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) approves the use of ozone as an antimicrobial oxidant in the US.

In 1977 the number of ozone installations that were in use worldwide had increased to 1043 ozone installations, more than half were located in France.

In the 1980’s Dr. Renate Viebahn, after provided a technical overview of ozones biological action, wrote the text “The Medical Use of Ozone” in which she describes innumerable local and system applications of ozone therapy.

In 1982, the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), in the US, grants GRAS (Generally Recognised As Safe) status for ozone use in bottled water, as requested by the IBWA (International Bottled Water Association).

In 1984, the Olympics officially begins using ozone to sanitize pool water.

In 1987, after 7 years of pilot testing, a 600MGD (Million Gallons per Day) ozonation plant is installed in Los Angeles.

The Russians reveal surprising results for their techniques in treating burn victims with ozone bubbled in brine.

In 1994, Plasmafire Intl sponsored an ozone symposium in Vancouver, with 160 participants and, as a direct result, ozone therapy was recognized as a modality and accepted by the BC Naturopathic Association, with more than 50 naturopaths treating patients with ozone therapy.

In 1995 FDA renewal the GRAS status for the use of ozone in bottled water.

In 1996, Australia and Japan approved the use of ozone for food.

EPRS (Energy Research Institute), organizes a expert panel, in 1997, where it states that ozone is a GRAS for direct contact with food, without FDA objection. The US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), in conjunction with the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1991, confirms that ozone is effective in removing hazardous pathogens and chlorine resistant Cryptosporidium from water, in 1998.

FDA issues industrial recommendations and recommendations on the use of ozone to process apple juice and cider in the removal of pathogens, in 2004.

Today, chlorine is still preferred over ozone for water disinfection. However, over the last few decades the application of ozone applications did start to increase again, once this was caused by the discovery of trihalomethanes (THM) as a harmful disinfection byproduct of chlorine disinfection, in 1973. So, scientists started looking for alternative disinfectants.

Another problem was an increase in disturbing, difficultly removable organic micro-pollutants in surface waters. These compounds appeared to be oxidized by ozone faster than by chlorine and chlorine compounds.

Furthermore, ozone turned out to deactivate even those microorganisms that develop resistance to disinfectants, such as Cryptosporidium.

ISCO3 (International Scientific Committee on Ozone) wrote, in 2010, the Madrid Declaration which serves as a standard for ozone therapy.

This Declaration was revised in 2015 and contains references and instructions for every kind of ozone application currently used in the scientific ozone community.

Solution Ozone,  a commercial brand registered and created in 2018, at the University of Algarve, in Portugal, constituted with the objective to the research, development and production of ozone equipment and with the goal of reducing the use of chemicals in the daily life.

Systemic ozone therapy can be “potentially” useful in SARS-CoV-2.

Ozone has four proven biological properties that could allow its use as an alternative therapy in the different phases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Ozone could inactivate the virus by direct (O3) or indirect oxidation (ROS and LOPs) and could stimulate the cellular and humoral immune systems, being useful in the early COVID-19 infection phase (states 1 and 2a).

With no cure yet available, prevention and disinfection care are the only measures available to everyone.